Objective To build a 3D finite element model of the whole cervical spine by using Simpleware software, as well as validate and analyze the model, so as to provide a reliable model for exploring the mechanism of cervical spine injury. Methods The 3D entity model of the whole cervical spine C1-7 was established based on CT tomography images, medical image processing software Simpleware, reverse engineering software Geomagic, which was imported to Hypermesh for meshing, adding ligaments and introducing facet joint contact relation, etc., thus to establish the finite element model of the whole cervical spine C1-7. Biomechanical properties of the cervical spine under flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion were simulated by ANSYS. Results The established model was proved to be accurate and reliable, and its range of motion (ROM) under flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation was similar to in vitro experiment and finite element analysis results in related literatures. The stress of intervertebral disc was concentrated on the compression side of the vertebral body, and the cervical spine C4/5 was more prone to have a stress concentration. Conclusions The finite element model of the whole cervical spine C1-7 can effectively simulate the biomechanical characteristics of the cervical vertebra, which establishes a good foundation for the follow-up studies on whiplash injury of the cervical spine.